ITedvantage

Php Cheatsheet

Basics

Hello World

The echo function is used to display or print output:



<?php echo "Hello World!"; ?>

Comments

Comments are used to make the code more understandable for the programmer; they are not executed by the compiler or interpreter.

One Liner

This is a single-line comment:

  
// Twinkle Twinkle Little Star

Another One Liner

This is a single-line comment:

  
# Chocolate dedo mujhe yaar

Multiline

This is a multiline comment:

  
/* Itedvanatage */

Vardump

This function dumps information about one or more variables:

  

<?php var_dump(var1, var2, ...); ?>

Variables

Variables are “containers” for storing information.

Defining Variables 

  
<?php
$Title = "PHP Cheat Sheet By Itedvantage";
?>

Datatypes

Datatype is a type of data.

String

A string is a sequence of characters, like “Hello world!”:

  

<?php 
$x = "rocky"; 
echo $x; 
?>

Integer

An integer is a number without any decimal part:

  

<?php
$x = 1234;
var_dump($x);
?>

Float

A float is a number with a decimal point or a number in exponential form:

  

<?php 
$x = 1.2345; 
var_dump($x); 
?>

Array

An array stores multiple values in one single variable:

  

<?php
$names = array("rancho","farahan","raju"); 
var_dump($names);
?>

Class

A class is a template for objects:

  

<?php
$names = array("rancho","farahan","raju"); 
var_dump($names);
?>

Object

An object is an instance of the class:

  

<?php 
class Bike { 
    public $color; 
    public $model; 
    public function __construct($color, $model) { 
        $this->color = $color; 
        $this->model = $model; 
    } 
    public function message() { 
        return "My bike is a " . $this->color . " " . $this->model . "!"; 
    } 
} 

$myBike = new Bike("red", "Honda"); 
echo $myBike->message(); 
?>

Escape Characters

Escape sequences are used for escaping a character during string parsing. They are also used for giving special meaning to represent line breaks, tabs, alerts, and more.

Line feed

It adds a newline:

  

<?php
echo "\n";
?>

Carriage return

It inserts a carriage return in the text at this point:

  

<?php
echo "\r";
?>

Horizontal tab

It gives a horizontal tab space:

  

<?php
echo "\t";
?>

Vertical tab

It gives a vertical tab space:

  

<?php
echo "\v";
?>

Escape

It is used for escape characters:

  

<?php
echo "\e";
?>

Form feed

It is commonly used as page separators but now is also used as section separators:

  

<?php
echo "\f";
?>

Backslash

It adds a backslash:

  

<?php
echo "\\";
?>

Dollar sign

Print the next character as a dollar, not as part of a variable:

  

<?php
echo "\$";
?>

Single quote

Print the next character as a single quote, not a string closer:

  

<?php
echo "\";
?>

Double quote

Print the next character as a double quote, not a string closer:

  

<?php
echo "\"";
?>

Stringsjnjhjhj

Python string is a sequence of characters, and each character can be individually accessed using its index.

String

You can create strings by enclosing text in both forms of quotes – single quotes or double quotes: 
  
variable_name = "String Data"
Example: 
  
str = "Sid"
print("string is ", str)

Indexing

The position of every character placed in the string starts from the 0th position and step by step it ends at length-1 position.

Slicing

Slicing refers to obtaining a sub-string from the given string. The following code will include index 1, 2, 3, and 4 for the variable named var_name.

Slicing of the string can be obtained by the following syntax: 
  
string_var[int_start_value:int_stop_value:int_step_value]
  
  

  
var_name[1:5]
Here start and step value are considered 0 and 1 respectively if not mentioned by the programmer.

isalnum() Method

Returns True if all the characters in the string are alphanumeric, else False: 
  
string_variable.isalnum()

isalpha() Method

Returns True if all the characters in the string are alphabets: 
  
string_variable.isalpha()

isdecimal() Method

Returns True if all the characters in the string are decimals: 
  
string_variable.isdecimal()

isdigit() Method

Returns True if all the characters in the string are digits: 
  
string_variable.isdigit()

islower() Method

Returns True if all characters in the string are lower case: 
  
string_variable.islower()

isspace() Method

Returns True if all characters in the string are whitespaces: 
  
string_variable.isspace()

isupper() Method

Returns True if all characters in the string are upper case: 
  
string_variable.isupper()

lower() Method

Converts a string into lower case equivalent: 
  
string_variable.lower()

upper() Method

Converts a string into upper case equivalent: 
  
string_variable.upper()

strip() Method

It removes leading and trailing spaces in the string: 
  
string_variable.strip()

List

A list in Python represents a list of comma-separated values of any data type between square brackets: 
  
var_name = [element1, element2, ...]
These elements can be of different data types.

Indexing

The position of every element placed in the list starts from the 0th position and step by step it ends at length-1 position. List is ordered, indexed, mutable, and the most flexible and dynamic collection of elements in Python.

Empty List

This method allows you to create an empty list: 
  
my_list = []

index() Method

Returns the index of the first element with the specified value: 
  
list.index(element)

append() Method

Adds an element at the end of the list: 
  
list.append(element)

extend() Method

Add the elements of a given list (or any iterable) to the end of the current list: 
  
list.extend(iterable)

insert() Method

Adds an element at the specified position: 
  
list.insert(position, element)

pop() Method

Removes the element at the specified position and returns it: 
  
list.pop(position)

remove() Method

The remove() method removes the first occurrence of a given item from the list: 
  
list.remove(element)

clear() Method

Removes all the elements from the list: 
  
list.clear()

count() Method

Returns the number of elements with the specified value: 
  
list.count(value)

reverse() Method

Reverses the order of the list: 
  
list.reverse()

sort() Method

Sorts the list: 
  
list.sort(reverse=True|False)

Tuples

Tuples are represented as comma-separated values of any data type within parentheses.

Tuple Creation

  
variable_name = (element1, element2, ...)
These elements can be of different data types.

Indexing

The position of every element placed in the tuple starts from the 0th position and step by step it ends at length-1 position. Tuples are ordered, indexed, immutable, and the most secure collection of elements.
Let’s talk about some of the tuple methods:

count() Method

It returns the number of times a specified value occurs in a tuple: 
  
tuple.count(value)

index() Method

It searches the tuple for a specified value and returns the position: 
  
tuple.index(value)

Sets

A set is a collection of multiple values which is both unordered and unindexed. It is written in curly brackets.

Set Creation: Way 1 

  
var_name = {element1, element2, ...}

Set Creation: Way 2 

  
var_name = set([element1, element2, ...])

Set is an unordered, immutable, non-indexed type of collection. Duplicate elements are not allowed in sets.

Set Methods

Let’s talk about some of the methods of sets:

add() Method

Adds an element to a set: 
  
set.add(element)

clear() Method

Remove all elements from a set: 
  
set.clear()

discard() Method

Removes the specified item from the set:

  
set.discard(value)

intersection() Method

Returns the intersection of two or more sets: 
  
set.intersection(set1, set2 ... etc)

issubset() Method

Checks if a set is a subset of another set: 
  
set.issubset(set)

pop() Method

Removes an element from the set: 
  
set.pop()

remove() Method

Removes the specified element from the set:

  
set.remove(item)

union() Method

Returns the union of two or more sets: 
  
set.union(set1, set2...)

Dictionaries

The dictionary is an unordered set of comma-separated key:value pairs, within {}, with the requirement that within a dictionary, no two keys can be the same.

Dictionary 

  <dictionary-name> = {<key>: value, <key>: value ...}

Dictionary is an ordered and mutable collection of elements. Dictionary allows duplicate values but not duplicate keys.

Empty Dictionary

By putting two curly braces, you can create a blank dictionary:

  
mydict = {}

Adding Element to a Dictionary

By this method, one can add new elements to the dictionary: 
  <dictionary>[<key>] = <value>

Updating Element in a Dictionary

If a specified key already exists, then its value will get updated:

  <dictionary>[<key>] = <value>

Deleting an Element from a Dictionary

del keyword is used to delete a specified key:value pair from the dictionary as follows: 
 del <dictionary>[<key>]

Dictionary Functions & Methods

Below are some of the methods of dictionaries:

len() Method

It returns the length of the dictionary, i.e., the count of elements (key: value pairs) in the dictionary: 
  
len(dictionary)

clear() Method

Removes all the elements from the dictionary: 
  
dictionary.clear()

get() Method

Returns the value of the specified key: 
  
dictionary.get(keyname)

items() Method

Returns a list containing a tuple for each key-value pair: 
  
dictionary.items()

keys() Method

Returns a list containing the dictionary’s keys: 
  
dictionary.keys()

values() Method

Returns a list of all the values in the dictionary: 
  
dictionary.values()

update() Method

Updates the dictionary with the specified key-value pairs: 
  
dictionary.update(iterable)

Indentation

In Python, indentation means the code is written with some spaces or tabs into many different blocks of code to indent it so that the interpreter can easily execute the Python code.

Indentation is applied on conditional statements and loop control statements. Indent specifies the block of code that is to be executed depending on the conditions.

Display all even numbers between 1 to 100:

Conditional Statements

The if, elif, and else statements are the conditional statements in Python, and these implement selection constructs (decision constructs).

if Statement

  if (conditional expression):
    statements}

if-else Statement

  
if (conditional expression):
    statements
else:
    statements

if-elif Statement

  if (conditional expression):
    statements
  elif (conditional expression):
    statements
  else:
    statements

if-elif Statement

  if (conditional expression):
    statements
elif (conditional expression):
    statements
else:
    statements

Nested if-else Statement

 if (conditional expression):
    if (conditional expression):
        statements
    else:
        statements
else:
    statements
Example: 
  
a = 15
b = 20
c = 12
if (a > b and a > c):
    print(a, "is greatest")
elif (b > c and b > a):
    print(b, " is greatest")
else:
    print(c, "is greatest")

Loops in Python

A loop or iteration statement repeatedly executes a statement, known as the loop body, until the controlling expression is false (0).

for Loop

The for loop of Python is designed to process the items of any sequence, such as a list or a string, one by one. 
  for <variable> in <sequence>:
    statements_to_repeat

while Loop

A while loop is a conditional loop that will repeat the instructions within itself as long as a conditional remains true. 
  
while <logical-expression>:
    loop-body
Example: 
  
i = 1
while (i <= 100):
    print(i)
    i = i + 1

break Statement

The break statement enables a program to skip over a part of the code. A break statement terminates the very loop it lies within. 
  
for  in :
    statement1
    if :
        break
    statement2
statement_after_loop

Example:

 for i in range(1, 101, 1):
    print(i, end=" ")
    if (i == 50):
        break
    else:
        print("Mississippi")
print("Thank you")

continue Statement

The continue statement skips the rest of the loop statements and causes the next iteration to occur. 
  
for  in :
    statement1
    if :
        continue
    statement2
    statement3
    statement4

Example:

  
for i in [2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 0]:
    if (i % 2 != 0):
        continue
    print(i)

Functions

A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. You can pass parameters into a function. It helps us to make our code more organized and manageable.

Function Definition

  def my_function():
    # statementst
def keyword is used before defining the function.

Function Call

  
my_function()
Whenever we need that block of code in our program, simply call that function name whenever needed. If parameters are passed during defining the function, we have to pass the parameters while calling that function.
Example: 
  def add():  # function definition
    a = 10
    b = 20
    print(a + b)
add()  # function call

Return Statement in Python Function

The function return statement returns the specified value or data item to the caller. 
  return [value/expression]

Arguments in Python Function

Arguments are the values passed inside the parenthesis of the function while defining as well as while calling. 
 def my_function(arg1, arg2, arg3, ...argn):
    # statements
my_function(arg1, arg2, arg3, ...argn)

Example:

  
def add(a, b):
    return a + b
x = add(7, 8)
print(x)

File Handling

File handling refers to reading or writing data from files. Python provides some functions that allow us to manipulate data in the files.

open() Function

  var_name = open("file name", "mode")

Modes

  1. r – to read the content from file
  2. w – to write the content into file
  3. a – to append the existing content into file
  4. r+ – To read and write data into the file. The previous data in the file will be overridden.
  5. w+ – To write and read data. It will override existing data.
  6. a+ – To append and read data from the file. It won’t override existing data.

close() Function

  
var_name.close()

read() Function

The read functions contain different methods: read(), readline(), and readlines(). 
  read()  # return one big string
It returns a list of lines: 
  readlines()  # returns a list
It returns one line at a time: 
 readline()  # returns one line at a time

write() Function

This function writes a sequence of strings to the file. 
  
write()  # Used to write a fixed sequence of characters to a file
It is used to write a list of strings: 
  
writelines()

Exception Handling

An exception is an unusual condition that results in an interruption in the flow of a program.

try and except

A basic try-catch block in Python. When the try block throws an error, the control goes to the except block. 
  try:
    [Statement body block]
    raise Exception()
except Exceptionname:
    [Error processing block]

else

The else block is executed if the try block has not raised any exception and the code has been running successfully. 
  try:
    # statements
except:
    # statements
else:
    # statements]

finally

The finally block will be executed even if the try block of code has been running successfully or the except block of code has been executed. The finally block of code will be executed compulsorily.